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A Major Criticism of Afdc (Aid to Families With Dependent Children) Was That

Written By samedi 5 mars 2022 Add Comment Edit

Federal assistance programme in the U.South. from 1935 to 1997

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was a federal assistance program in the Usa in event from 1935 to 1997, created by the Social Security Act (SSA) and administered by the United States Section of Health and Human Services that provided fiscal assistance to children whose families had low or no income.

The programme grew from a pocket-size part of the social security system to a significant system of welfare administered past the states with federal funding. All the same, it was criticized for offering incentives for women to accept children, and for providing disincentives for women to join the workforce. In July 1997, AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.

History [edit]

The overall decline in welfare monthly benefits (in 2006 dollars)[1]

The plan was created under the name Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) by the Social Security Deed of 1935 equally part of the New Deal. It was created every bit a ways tested entitlement which subsidized the income of families where fathers were "deceased, absent, or unable to work".[2] : 29 It provided a direct payment of $18 per month for one child, and $12 for a second child.[two] : 30 [3] : 76 In 1994, the boilerplate payment was $420/month.[four]

The federal government required contributions from individual states, and authorized country discretion to make up one's mind who received assistance and in what amount.[2] : xxx ADC was primarily created for white single mothers, who were expected not to piece of work. Blackness mothers, who had always been in the labor forcefulness, were non considered eligible to receive benefits.[5] In 1961 a modify in the constabulary permitted states to extend benefits to families where the male parent was unemployed, a measure which 25 states somewhen adopted.[half dozen] : 164 The words "families with" were added to the name in 1962, partly due to concern that the program's rules discouraged marriage.[2] : 31

The Civil Rights Movement and the efforts of the National Welfare Rights Organization in the 1960s expanded the scope of welfare entitlements to include blackness women. The welfare rolls racial demographics changed drastically. The majority of welfare recipients notwithstanding remained white and most black female person recipients continued to work.[5] Starting in 1962, the Section of Health and Human being Services allowed land-specific exemptions as long every bit the change was "in the spirit of AFDC" in club to allow some experimentation. Past 1996 spending was $24 billion per year. When adjusted for aggrandizement, the highest spending was in 1976, which exceeded 1996 spending by about 8%.[7] In 1967 the federal government began requiring states to establish the paternity of children eligible for the program, and extended benefits to "unemployed male parents with a work history".[2] : 31

Human-in-the-house rule [edit]

A number of states enacted so called "human-in-the-house" rules, which butterfingers families if there was any adult male person present in the household whatever. As Williams and Hardisty phrased it:

States had wide discretion to determine eligibility and many states conditioned the receipt of welfare on the sexual morality of the female parent, using "suitable home" and "homo in the house" rules to disqualify many African American single mothers.[viii]

The "human-in-the-firm" dominion was struck downward in 1968 by the Supreme Court in King v. Smith.[9] Thereafter, families with males in the household were eligible for benefits if they were not deemed to exist actual or substitute parents, although whatsoever financial contribution on the part of the male to the family was however considered a part of the family unit's total income.[3] : 77 By 1981, the Supreme Court went further and required that states take into consideration the income earned past step-fathers.[3] : 77

Xxx-and-a-tertiary dominion [edit]

AFDC caseload[six] : 166
Time period Growth
1950-60 7%
1960-65 24%
1965-70 125%
1970-75 29%
1975-80 3%

The yr 1967 saw the establishment of the thirty-and-a-third rule, which allowed families to keep their showtime $xxx earned along with 1 third of their income following the kickoff $30 without the alter affecting their eligibility for benefits.[6] : 164 [10] : 95 This and other factors led to a large increase in enrollment.[10] : 95 For instance, caseloads rose 24% from 1960 to 1965, simply rose 126% in the menses from 1965 to 1970.[six] : 166

Criticism [edit]

Early on in the programme, there were concerns most whether it encouraged unwed motherhood.[two] : 31 Some advocates complained that the rule had the effect of breaking upwardly marriages and promoting matriarchy:[a]

[T]he AFDC plan tended to treat households with a cohabiting male person who was not the natural begetter of the children much more leniently than those with a resident spouse or father of the children. This feature created a articulate disincentive for marriage and also a clear incentive for divorce, because women who married confront the reduction or loss of their AFDC benefits.[3]

In 1984, libertarian author Charles Murray, author of The Bong Curve, suggested that welfare causes dependency. He argued that as welfare benefits increased, the number of recipients also increased; this behavior, he said, was rational: in that location is little reason to work if one can receive benefits for a long menses of time without having to work.[6] : 162–6 His subsequently piece of work and that of Richard J. Herrnstein and others suggested possible merit to the theory of a dysgenic effect,[28] nonetheless, the data are not entirely clear.[29]

One economist was unable to find convincing evidence that welfare programs take a strong issue on the dissolution of marriages.[thirty] But right or wrong, this statement was amid the stepping stones leading to the modification of AFDC toward TANF.[31]

Termination [edit]

In 1996, President Nib Clinton negotiated with the Republican-controlled Congress to pass the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Human action, which drastically restructured the program. Among other changes, a lifetime limit of v years was imposed on the receipt of benefits; the newly express nature of the replacement programme was reinforced by calling AFDC'southward successor Temporary Help for Needy Families (TANF). Many Americans continue to refer to TANF as "welfare" or AFDC.

TANF has remained controversial. In 2003, LaShawn Y. Warren, an ACLU Legislative Counsel, said that TANF gives states an incentive "to deny benefits to those who need it most. The solution to getting people out of the cycle of poverty is not to prematurely kick them off welfare. As well many accept been denied aid unfairly, creating a simulated impression that the number of people who need assist has decreased."[32] In 2006, a New Republic editorial wrote, "A broad consensus now holds that welfare reform was certainly not a disaster—and that it may, in fact, have worked much as its designers had hoped."[33]

See as well [edit]

  • Assistants for Children and Families
  • Goldberg v. Kelly
  • Universal bones income

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ run across also single-parent family

References [edit]

  1. ^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.
  2. ^ a b c d east f Blank, Susan W.; Blum, Barbara B. (1997). "A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers". The Future of Children. 7 (1): 28–38. doi:10.2307/1602575. JSTOR 1602575. PMID 9170730. S2CID 14166595.
  3. ^ a b c d Grossbard, Shoshana A. (28 April 2003). Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (ed.). Union and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Advanced Industrial Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521891431 . Retrieved iv May 2018.
  4. ^ [one]
  5. ^ a b Roberts, Dorothy (1997). "Chapter five". Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Significant of Freedom . Pantheon Books.
  6. ^ a b c d e Murray, Charles (4 August 2008). Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, 10th Anniversary Edition. Bones Books. ISBN9780786723775 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  7. ^ U.Southward. Section of Health and Homo Services (website) "Federal and Country Expenditures for AFDC"
  8. ^ "The Correct'south Campaign Against Welfare". Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2014-08-07 .
  9. ^ "Assistance To Dependent Children: The Legal History". Virginia Democracy University . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  10. ^ a b Kiefer, Christie W. (2000). Health Work with the Poor: A Practical Guide. Rutgers University Printing. ISBN9780813527772 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960 (PDF) (Study). Public Health Service Publication. Vol. 1677. U.Due south. Section of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.Due south. Public Health Service, National Centre for Health Statistics. p. 185.
  12. ^ Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (October xviii, 2000). Nonmarital Childbearing in the U.s.a., 1940-99 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. pp. 28–31.
  13. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa K. (February 12, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2000 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 46.
  14. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (Dec eighteen, 2002). Births: Final Information for 2001 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 47.
  15. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003). Births: Concluding Information for 2002 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Middle for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 57.
  16. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005). Births: Concluding Data for 2003 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 52.
  17. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006). Births: Final Data for 2004 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  18. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha Fifty. (Dec 5, 2007). Births: Final Information for 2005 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  19. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January vii, 2009). Births: Final Information for 2006 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 54.
  20. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.Yard. (August 9, 2010). Births: Final Information for 2007 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  21. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.One thousand. (Dec 8, 2010). Births: Last Information for 2008 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Eye for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  22. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (Nov 3, 2011). Births: Final Data for 2009 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  23. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.Thou.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012). Births: Final Data for 2010 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61. Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 45.
  24. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.1000.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013). Births: Last Data for 2011 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 43.
  25. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December xxx, 2013). Births: Last Data for 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 41.
  26. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015). Births: Final Information for 2013 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 40.
  27. ^ Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.Thou.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). Births: Last Data for 2014 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. pp. seven & 41.
  28. ^ Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bong Curve: Intelligence and Class Construction in American Life. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-ix pgs 191-193
  29. ^ The Bong Bend Flattened past Nicholas Lemann in Slate (January 1996)
  30. ^ Schoeni, Robert F. and Rebecca M. Blank. 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family Construction." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7627. Cambridge, MA: NBER
  31. ^ "Transcendental goods", Reason (magazine), April 1, 2004, by Nick Gillespie, "Losing Basis: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 was a devastating dissection of welfare programs and is widely credited with helping inspire the welfare reforms of the 1990s." This is as well supported by "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography", by Webster One thousand. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin Chapter 11
  32. ^ ACLU Says Current Welfare Reform Measure out Ineffective, Calls for Civil Rights Protections, Meliorate Poverty Elimination Efforts (September x, 2003)
  33. ^ Fared Well. New Republic, September 4, 2006, Vol. 235, Issue x, Folio vii.

Further reading [edit]

  • Keith M. Kilty, Elizabeth A. Segal. The Hope of Welfare Reform: Political Rhetoric and the Reality of Poverty in the Twenty-Beginning. (2006)
  • Clarita A. Mrena and Patricia Elston. Welfare Reform: Land Sanction Policies and Number of Families Affected (2000)
  • Robert P Stoker and Laura A Wilson. When Work Is Non Enough: Land and Federal Policies to Back up Needy Workers 2006
  • Webster Thou. Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography
  • Joel Due north. Shurkin. Cleaved Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN 1-4039-8815-three
  • Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Course Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9
  • Charles Murray, 1984. Losing Ground: American Social Policy. 1950–1980
  • Nick Gillespie. "Transcendental goods". Reason (mag), April i, 2004
  • "The Bell Curve Flattened" by Nicholas Lemann, in Slate (magazine) (January 1996)
  • "Is the Peachy Guild to Blame? If Not, Why Have Issues Worsened Since '60s?" by Michael Fumento, Investor's Business concern Daily, June nineteen, 1992
  • "Cracked Bell" by Professor James Heckman in Reason (March 1995)
  • "Federal and State Expenditures for AFDC" from the U.Southward. Department of Wellness and Human Services website
  • "A Brief History of the AFDC Program" from the U.S. Department of Wellness and Human Services (website)
  • "The New Kid Care Block Grant, State Funding Choices and Their Implications" past Sharon One thousand. Long & Sandra J. Clark, posted to the Urban Plant website October 1, 1997
  • "Women, Children, and Poverty in America" by Prudence Brown, Ford Foundation website
  • "Timeline of National Welfare Reform" from PBS.org

External links [edit]

  • Help to Families with Dependent Children at HHS
  • The Futurity of Children, Executive Summary, Heart for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, at Princeton University website

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children

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